Part I
Part II
Part III
Part IV
Part V
Advanced Features for Performance Enhancements
WiMAX defines a number of optional advanced features for improving the performance. Among the more important of these advanced features are support for multiple-antenna techniques, hybrid-ARQ, and enhanced frequency reuse.
Advanced Antenna Systems
The WiMAX standard provides extensive support for implementing advanced multiantenna solutions to improve system performance. Significant gains in overall system capacity and spectral efficiency can be achieved by deploying the optional advanced antenna systems (AAS) defined in WiMAX. AAS includes support for a variety of multiantenna solutions, including transmit diversity, beamforming, and spatial multiplexing.
Transmit diversity: WiMAX defines a number of space-time block coding schemes that can be used to provide transmit diversity in the downlink. For transmit diversity, there could be two or more transmit antennas and one or more receive antennas. The space-time block code (STBC) used for the 2'1 antenna case is the Alamouti codes, which are orthogonal and amenable to maximum likelihood detection. The Alamouti STBC is quite easy to implement and offers the same diversity gain as a 1' 2 receiver diversity with maximum ratio combining, albeit with a 3 dB penalty owing to redundant transmissions. But transmit diversity offers the advantage that the complexity is shifted to the base station, which helps to keep the MS cost low. In addition to the 2 '1 case, WiMAX also defines STBCs for the three- and four-antenna cases.
Beamforming: Multiple antennas in WiMAX may also be used to transmit the same signal appropriately weighted for each antenna element such that the effect is to focus the transmitted beam in the direction of the receiver and away from interference, thereby improving the received SINR. Beamforming can provide significant improvement in the coverage range, capacity, and reliability. To perform transmit beamforming, the transmitter needs to have accurate knowledge of the channel, which in the case of TDD is easily available owing to channel reciprocity but for FDD requires a feedback channel to learn the channel characteristics. WiMAX supports beamforming in both the uplink and the downlink. For the uplink, this often takes the form of receive beamforming.
Spatial multiplexing: WiMAX also supports spatial multiplexing, where multiple independent streams are transmitted across multiple antennas. If the receiver also has multiple antennas, the streams can be separated out using space-time processing. Instead of increasing diversity, multiple antennas in this case are used to increase the data rate or capacity of the system. Assuming a rich multipath environment, the capacity of the system can be increased linearly with the number of antennas when performing spatial multiplexing. A 2 ' 2 MIMO system therefore doubles the peak throughput capability of WiMAX. If the mobile station has only one antenna, WiMAX can still support spatial multiplexing by coding across multiple users in the uplink. This is called multiuser collaborative spatial multiplexing. Unlike transmit diversity and beamforming, spatial multiplexing works only under good SINR conditions.
Hybrid-ARQ
Hybrid-ARQ is an ARQ system that is implemented at the physical layer together with FEC, providing improved link performance over traditional ARQ at the cost of increased implementation complexity. The simplest version of H-ARQ is a simple combination of FEC and ARQ, where blocks of data, along with a CRC code, are encoded using an FEC coder before transmission; retransmission is requested if the decoder is unable to correctly decode the received block. When a retransmitted coded block is received, it is combined with the previously detected coded block and fed to the input of the FEC decoder. Combining the two received versions of the code block improves the chances of correctly decoding. This type of H-ARQ is often called type I chase combining.
The WiMAX standard supports this by combining an N-channel stop and wait ARQ along with a variety of supported FEC codes. Doing multiple parallel channels of H-ARQ at a time can improve the throughput, since when one H-ARQ process is waiting for an acknowledgment, another process can use the channel to send some more data. WiMAX supports signaling mechanisms to allow asynchronous operation of H-ARQ and supports a dedicated acknowledgment channel in the uplink for ACK/NACK signaling. Asynchronous operations allow variable delay between retransmissions, which provides greater flexibility for the scheduler.
To further improve the reliability of retransmission, WiMAX also optionally supports type II H-ARQ, which is also called incremental redundancy. Here, unlike in type I H-ARQ, each (re)transmission is coded differently to gain improved performance. Typically, the code rate is effectively decreased every retransmission. That is, additional parity bits are sent every iteration, equivalent to coding across retransmissions.
Improved Frequency Reuse
Although it is possible to operate WiMAX systems with a universal frequency reuse plan, doing so can cause severe outage owing to interference, particularly along the intercell and intersector edges. To mitigate this, WiMAX allows for coordination of subchannel allocation to users at the cell edges such that there is minimal overlap. This allows for a more dynamic frequency allocation across sectors, based on loading and interference conditions, as opposed to traditional fixed frequency planning. Those users under good SINR conditions will have access to the full channel bandwidth and operate under a frequency reuse of 1. Those in poor SINR conditions will be allocated nonoverlapping subchannels such that they operate under a frequency reuse of 2, 3, or 4, depending on the number of nonoverlapping subchannel groups that are allocated to be shared among these users. This type of subchannel allocation leads to the effective reuse factor taking fractional values greater than 1. The variety of subchannelization schemes supported by WiMAX makes it possible to do this in a very flexible manner. Obviously, the downside is that cell edge users cannot have access to the full bandwidth of the channel, and hence their peak rates will be reduced.
Next: Reference Network Architecture
About the Authors
Jeffrey G. Andrews, Ph.D. is an assistant professor in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the University of Texas at Austin, where he is the associate director of the Wireless Networking and Communications Group. He received a B.S. in engineering with high distinction from Harvey Mudd College in 1995, and the M.S. and Ph.D. in electrical engineering from Stanford University in 1999 and 2002. Dr. Andrews serves as an editor for the IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications and has industry experience at companies including Qualcomm, Intel, Palm, and Microsoft. He received the National Science Foundation CAREER award in 2007.
Arunabha Ghosh, Ph.D. is a principal member of technical staff in the Wireless Communications Group in AT&T Labs Inc. He received his B.S. with highest distinction from Indian Institute of Technology at Kanpur in 1992 and his Ph.D. fro University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign in 1998. Dr. Ghosh has worked extensively in the area of closed loop MIMO solutions for WiMAX and has chaired several task groups within the WiMAX Forum for the development of mobile WiMAX Profiles.
Rias Muhamed is a lead member of the technical staff in the Wireless Networks Group at AT&T Labs Inc. He received his B.S. in electronics and communications engineering from Pondicherry University, India, in 1990, his M.S. in electrical engineering from Virginia Tech in 1996, and his M.B.A. from St. Edwards University at Austin in 2000. Rias has led the technology assessment activities at AT&T Labs in the area of Fixed Wireless Broadband for several years and has worked on a variety of wireless systems and networks.
This excerpt has been reprinted with permission of Pearson Education. The excerpt is the entire Chapter 2 of Fundamentals of WiMAX. ISBN-10: 0-13-222552-2 Authors Jeffrey G. Andrews, Arunabha Ghosh, and Rias Muhamed. The book can be purchased at: Purchase.
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